Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991) propose a new model of attachment to adulthood from a dimensional point of view. This model postulates four attachment styles according to whether a self-image is positive or negative and an image of the other is positive or negative. Each of these four combinations represents a theoretical ideal, or a prototype, so no subject in fact uniquely corresponds to a single prototype. Each combination consists of two dimensions: the self-model and the model of the other (each can be positive or negative). The self-model is related to the degree of dependence and anxiety, and the model of the other is related to the degree of avoidance of relationships.
For this, the authors conducted a study of 77 participants whose results confirmed the hypothesis that the two groups that are theoretically described as having a positive self-model differed from the two groups with a negative self-model, on self conception. The results of this study also confirmed the hypothesis that the two groups that are theoretically described as having a positive model of the other differed from the two groups theoretically described as having a negative model of the other, on measures of sociability. Taken together, the results corroborate the implication of Bowlby’s (1978) theory that four attachment styles can be identified. Finally, the analyzed circumplex confirms the hypothesis that each attachment style is associated with a distinct set of interpersonal problems.
The advantage of this dimensional model is that it is possible to assess individual differences more precisely through two dimensions: attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance, rather than categorizing individuals by a single type of attachment.
Among these four possible combinations, we find first of all secure adult subjects who have an image of themselves and others positive. They consider themselves to be appreciative and consider others as responding when needed. They are comfortable with intimacy, have good self-esteem, and their relationships of dependence on others are healthy.
Then there are detached adult subjects who have a positive image of themselves and a negative image of others. These people tend to avoid close relationships with others to protect themselves from disappointment. Thus, they maintain a sense of independence and invulnerability. They value independence.
Next, there are the preoccupied subjects who have a negative image of themselves, but a positive image of others. These individuals consider themselves unworthy of being loved, but try to accept each other by allowing others to appreciate them. They are anxious about interpersonal relationships and are concerned about relationships.
Finally, we find fearful-avoidant topics that have a negative image of themselves and others. Thus, they feel unworthy to be loved and expect others to be unavailable or reject them. They then avoid maintaining close relationships with others to protect themselves by anticipating rejection.
Words I learned :
– Unworthy : Indigne
– Corroborate : Corroborer
– Invulnerability : Invulnérabilité
Caroline SABBAGHA – M2 PCPI